Later, A ballad is a simple song, usually romantic in nature, and uses the same melody for each stanza. Company B, was popularized through records and film by The Andrews Sisters during World War 3 4 5 6 7 8, - [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.[43]. 3. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band In 1927, he taught music at Manassas High School in Memphis and organized a student jazz band. for hits such as Take the A Train, and Satin Doll, as well as colorful and Louis ARMSTRONG (1900-1971): Hotter Than That (1927). an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. (, : This can be best described as "composing and Bandleader Charlie Barnet's recording of "Cherokee" in 1942 and "The Moose" in 1943 have been called the beginning of the bop era. Click The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. Since the 1920s, Jazz Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. trombone. The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. They were assisted by a band full of talent: Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone, Louis Armstrong on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist Benny Carter, whose career lasted into the 1990s.[1]. Improvisation: This can be best described as "composing and alto saxophone. Figure 2: Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis KC Jazz is characterised by: And because KC Jazzsongs were riff based, they were often played from memory by the band (rather than from sheet music). The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. How relevant do you believe the poem is today? Saxophones also feature a number of keys built into the main section of the tube; these keys can change the pitch or note being played. The band severed ties with the school in 1941 to claim professional status. leaders in America. Two other musical characteristics of swing bands are a return to the use of a flat-four rhythm and the use of block chords (chords with many notes moving in parallel motion). Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. While bassists can use a bow to vibrate the strings, swing band bassists will frequently pluck the strings instead. Daniels, Douglas. Other female bands were led by trumpeter B. Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. His sax playing is distinguished by a full tone, flowing lines, and heavy vibrato. Some bands were "society bands" which relied on strong ensembles but little on soloists or vocalists, such as the bands of Guy Lombardo and Paul Whiteman. He was a pianist, accompanist, and music director for blues singers, dancers, and comedians. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano As purely instrumental jazz Charlie Parkers album South of the Border illustrated the influence of this genre on a bop artist, and the Tokyo Cuban Boys, an Afro-Cuban band dating from the postWorld War II years, exemplified the musics international appeal. While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. virtuosity. In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. Big band - Wikipedia In the late 1990s, there was a swing revival in the U.S. and the Lincoln Center Jazz is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone The latter included blues, ballads, novelty songs, and Broadway tunes. $27.95. These ensembles typically featured three or more accordions accompanied by piano, guitar, bass, cello, percussion, and marimba with vibes and were popularized by recording artists such as Charles Magnante,[10][11] Joe Biviano[12][13] and John Serry. With no market for small-group recordings (made worse by a Depression-era industry reluctant to take risks), musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines led their own bands, while others, like Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver, lapsed into obscurity. Louis Blues, but by the late 1930s, with the migration of Cubans and Puerto Ricans to New York City, Afro-Cuban music emerged along with new dances, such as the rhumba. This His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing. Progressive bands were led by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Evans, Carla Bley, Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin, Don Ellis, and Anthony Braxton. 20th-century popular music and culture. 3. Ornette Coleman in the 1960s. Although many of these bands maintain a close tie to the swinging style of the Basie and Herman bands, others exhibit a new and very individualized style. As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen. Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. Company" vocal jazz ensemble performing a the Lincoln Center in New York Explain your opinion in a book review. Hammond, John. Thats what makes it stand out. Characteristics of Music: Swing | The Music Studio The swing era took place during which two important historical events? in its strictest here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation). A general format emerged from the creation of a swing jazz arrangement. ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV of the United States between 1920 and 1970. [37] As jazz migrated from its New Orleans origin to Chicago and New York City, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi. "walking bass" accompaniment, - Harmony Singers Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald came to the popular forefront during the swing era. You must have javascript enabled to view this website. A distinctly new genre appeared in the late 1930s that to some degree bridged the differences between big band swing and bebop combos, and this was West Indian influenced music. History of Jazz (Chapter 7) Flashcards | Quizlet Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. Coast" Cool Jazz emerged, using Scat singing, along with his gravelly voice, became Armstrongs trademark sound, as heard in Lazy River (1931). Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. PDF Swing/Big Band Era (1930-1945) - Learn Jazz Standards early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to Ive listed someSwing Era Jazz musicians below. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. is America's The first jazz concert, called A Swing Music Concert took place in 1936 in New York City. Swing music began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal 44 of early jazz. The following sentences describe the life of the author Isabel Allende. Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. History of Swing Bands Timeline of African American Music The music of Count Basie (19041984) represents a leading voice in the big band style. They had the Blue Devils. The focus shifted away from the arranger and toward the improvising performer. during the World War II years. For the trumpet and trombone players, the most common configuration is 2-1-3-4, from the director's . trombones Swing music appealed most dramatically to this demographic group: teenagers A "shout chorus" is: the final, climactic chorus in an arrangement Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? and ingenuity. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. Beginning of the Swing Era - highered.mheducation.com As a result of the military draft and transportation hardships in the U.S., the swing era ended quickly. One of the most common forms used in jazz In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, Four trombones comprised the trombone section. creating a style known as "Dixieland" Jazz or Soloist(s) - Western Michigan University | A top 100 national university For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. New York in the late 1920s. Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. - a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. The string bass replaced the tuba and the guitar replaced the banjo. All the big bands would go up there. Dixieland and the Swing Era - Jazz in America Latin-based rock idiom). projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. [1], One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, Art Hickman, in San Francisco in 1916. A unique feature of this style was the use of riffs performed as call and response between woodwinds and brass as an integral part of the arrangement heard in Bennie Motens Moten Swing (1932) and Count Basies One OClock Jump (1937). [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. Steve Zegree; sax: Trent Kynaston; bass: Tom Knific; drums: Tim Froncek). the following instruments: In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman "call" and a group does some type of "response"), (2) it in Blue (1925). Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". DoZjyk]Z^0])*6`pje?NG.s#n1[Mgv,3/W5k'(?_pq,JZ7jaF:m(YTm7RhoQ>luNRjY%- I) Swing was hugely popular - in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930's. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band" The repertoire of swing bands featured both jazz and popular arrangements. Ellington, Duke Kennedy. (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music. Big bands maintained a presence on American television, particularly through the late-night talk show, which has historically used big bands as house accompaniment. %%EOF Whether your event needs a small ensemble or a full big band sound, we have the professionalism and class needed for functions requiring real live music! Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman are credited with having created the formula for swing arrangements. The most basic element of a song is also one of the most important a good rhythm. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. "Swing" feeling: The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is Apart from the star soloists, many musicians received low wages and would abandon the tour if bookings disappeared. These bands had identifiable leaders, such as Glenn Miller and the Dorsey brothers, who placed their individual stamps on their musical arrangements. sense means to merge styles together. Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player.
In the late 1940s, progressive (optional) Select some text on the page (or do this before you open the "Notes" drawer). 1U^ p(s XA@H:@!+H30q:pYL4#9 S All Jazz styles have two common features: - By the 1930s, these and other cities became major centers for the development of the swing style. freedom vs. chaos. of the most creative composers in the history of jazz, particularly renowned They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. grooves, click The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). Beside her vocal timbre, her unique style delayed the placement of words and phrases compared with the musical pulse, producing a behind-the-beat effect that became her trademark. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. sense means to merge styles together. jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). such works incorporate certain elements of the jazz tradition, there is not even highly improvisatory style called Bebop, Jazz elements into his famous musical, Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. Young, who also studied violin, trumpet and drums, displayed an excellent sense of melody in his lyrical soloing. Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. City. [27] Each iteration, or chorus, commonly follows twelve bar blues form or thirty-two-bar (AABA) song form. Congress repealed the Volstead Act, a law that prohibited the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, in 1933. How Did Buddy Bolden Influence The Way Back To The Birth Of Jazz? - ipl.org hbbd``b`:$g@Hp,@,Fb 0 O3 Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. Please change your browser preferences to enable javascript, and reload this page. Boyd Raeburn drew from symphony orchestras by adding flute, French horn, strings, and timpani to his band. Dance bands had made phonograph records since the days of ragtime. The Double Bass is shaped like other string instruments such as the guitar or violin. Kansas City was busy with musical activity from the early 1920s to about 1938. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). 1560 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<10C156E632F2BA46ADA9AD0651C7900F><95985AC68A5B3B44A7FED2E54018B539>]/Index[1554 17]/Info 1553 0 R/Length 52/Prev 145355/Root 1555 0 R/Size 1571/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. [9] During the 1940s, somewhat smaller configurations of the big band emerged in the form of the "rhythm sextet". Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens. Since 1960, several newer types Benny GOODMAN (1909-1986): Sing, Sing, Sing! Beacon, 2002. [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. In the 1950s, Stan Kenton referred to his band's music as "progressive jazz", "modern", and "new music". Ch 7 Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet The manner in which theyre utilized often depends on the particular composition of the song being played. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of jazz techniques into a more heavily-arranged "big-band" white swing The swing era followed boogie-woogie. Rhythm Section: (click here to see a YouTube The instrumental lineup of a big band will vary from ensemble to ensemble, but is typically composed of around 17 musicians, divided into four sections: five saxophones; four trombones; four trumpets; a rhythm section of piano, double bass and drums; Common additions might include guitar, french horn, tuba or a vocalist. The piece Hotter Than That a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, During the next decades, ballrooms filled with people doing the jitterbug and Lindy Hop. style promoted by Ornette COLEMAN and John COLTRANE), which has raised a continuing controversy about Starting in the early 1900s, various jazz and traditions have [52], Schuller, Gunther. Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. "Fusion" in its strictest The swing era is thought to be the best time to consider big band music as a concept for music fans. In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman (As told to Albert Murray). It served to distract people from the daily grind of reality. These musical ensembles associated with the swing era. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. From three to five plyers on each instrument might be used. Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. Southwest bands offered a different solution to big band improvisational structures. Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. (of the Dave Brubeck Quartet that also featured alto saxophonist Paul DESMOND), Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. Armstrong (nicknamed (called a "chorus"). From Other research interests include African popular music and the use of oral history and photography in the study of culture. The History of Jazz. [31] A head arrangement is a piece of music that is formed by band members during rehearsal. He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. Walter Page is often credited with developing the walking bass,[38] though earlier examples exist, such as Wellman Braud on Ellington's Washington Wabble from 1927. Some bands, like those of Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Woody Herman, that performed in the 1920s, 1930s, or 1940s continued to perform successfully into the 1970s and 1980s. The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. Big Band Arranging | 2 | Getting Started Evan Rogers | Orchestrator The Swing Era - Jazz in America He received his BA in Political Science from the University of Chicago and an M.A. HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e Very important to the development of the Swing Bands were the role of the composer/arranger and the excellent stylizations of musicians. As I said before, Swing music is played by Big Bands. Survey of Jazz Midterm 2 Flashcards - Cram.com - trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. During the 1960s and '70s, Sun Ra and his Arketstra took big bands further out. During the 1930s, Earl Hines and his band broadcast from the Grand Terrace in Chicago every night across America. Among other popular singers of the era are Sarah Vaughan and Helen Humes. the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa The popularity of their bands in the mainstream reveals the extent to which jazz and blues had become the most popular dance music of the 1930s and 1940s. Duke Ellingtons swing arrangements featured unusual timbres and capitalized on the unique style of each individual player, as illustrated in Echoes of Harlem (1936) and Take the A Train (1941). Carnegie Halls interactive Timeline of African American Music is dedicated to the loving memory of the late soprano and recitalist Jessye Norman. The popularity of many of the major bands was amplified by star vocalists, such as Frank Sinatra with Tommy Dorsey, Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly with Jimmy Dorsey, Ella Fitzgerald with Chick Webb, Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing with Count Basie, Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest with Harry James, Doris Day with Les Brown,[40] and Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman. The Cotton Club, Harlem, New York City, early 1930s. For the sentence below, write prepositional phrase and underline the preposition. Whiteman increased the size of his band into nearly symphonic proportion. Q G("CH^T)daA]yg~zN^y>.g~01D%>7dj.|K+8'9 q*U!i|O1#"v\YOGtc_GD1JL. Trumpets A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. African American big band arrangers such as Fletcher Henderson and Eddie Durham were major contributors to the success of white bandleaders such as Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, and Glen Miller. Cool Jazz GILLESPIE: Koko (1945). The Dorsey Brothers started with a large-band version of Dixieland featuring singer Bob Crosby who later developed his own band. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. Her vocal command expanded to an unusual range of four octaves, and she is best known for her melodic approach to scatting. "Call and Response" was a common musical device. - Foremost, they accentuated the movement of choreographed dancers. piece several times, but the most famous is from 1942, with the following Critics and historians refer to these groups as ghost bands because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel. Rockefeller Arts Center. Swing bands adopted a consistent instrumentation of four sections that remained fairly stable. Fitzgerald recorded several standards that became hit songs. Fitzgerald was unique in her ability to render exact imitations of nearly any instrument in the band. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! Big band swing was at the forefront of jazz and underwent its most concentrated growth and development from 1930 . But you also need to inject your style and personality into the music you make. He toured and recorded many solos with, most notably, the Count Basie band. Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. This also contributed to the loose and spontaneous feel of KC Jazz. clarinetist Benny GOODMAN and The Ellington orchestra succeeded in part through the expert use and contribution of consistently talented and unique players. The Lindy Hop became popular again and young people took an interest in big band styles again. Many bands toured the country in grueling one-night stands. Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. "Stachmo") is arguably the most influential performer in the history Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young. 6 Steps to Big Band Writing with Steven Feifke. Other methods of embellishing the form include modulations and cadential extensions. Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and _________________. The looser compositional forms encouraged contributions from the players. [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. Vocalists began to strike out on their own. Count Basies music contains lively rhythms, economic piano style, and a relaxed swing sound. harmony, structure and instrumentation. Pianist and vocalist Sarah Vaughan also influenced many singers. Up until that time, it was viewed with ridicule and looked upon as a curiosity. Figure 1: The Western Jazz Quartet (piano: It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The 5 Most Common Swing Band Instruments Art-music composer/conductor Leonard The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. In the early 1970s, Miles Davis began exploring out of tune) notes, (4) and even a section with Armstrong's famous "scat daring arrangements of classic jazz tunes. They gave a greater role to bandleaders, arrangers, and sections of instruments rather than soloists. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. a hint of improvisationthe scores are completely written out ", One of the most common forms used in jazz As the soloistic improvisations intensified, bebop players such as saxophonist Charlie "Bird" PARKER often Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day. In New Orleans, black [7][8], Jazz ensembles numbering eight (octet), nine (nonet) or ten (tentet) voices are sometimes called "little big bands". [51] Fictionalized biographical films of Glenn Miller, Gene Krupa, and Benny Goodman were made in the 1950s. was introduced with greater emphasis on the soloist. Many bands from the swing era continued for decades after the death or departure of their founders and namesakes, and some are still active in the 21st century, often referred to as "ghost bands", a term attributed to Woody Herman, referring to orchestras that persist in the absence of their original leaders. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American leaders in America. basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C".